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Tracking Sharks With Robots

Scientists have tracked sharks using robots for decades. But a new design allows them to do this while following the animal. The system was designed by biologists from Mote Marine Laboratory, and engineers from Harvey Mudd College using components that were readily available.

It is able to withstand a pull-off force 340 times greater than its own weight. It also has the ability to sense and adjust its route according to the changes in objects around the home.

Autonomous Underwater Vehicles

Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) are robots that can be programmed to operate depending on the design, can drift or drive through the ocean, with no human-controlled control in real-time. They are equipped with sensors that monitor water parameters, explore and map ocean geological features as well as habitats, and more.

They are typically controlled from a surface vessel using Wi-Fi or an audio link to relay data back to the operator. The AUVS is able to collect spatial or temporal data, and are able to be used as a large team to cover more terrain faster than one vehicle.

AUVs can use GPS and the Global Navigation Satellite System to determine where they are around the globe and the distance they've traveled from their starting position. This information about their location, along with sensors in the environment that transmit data to computer systems onboard, allows AUVs to follow a pre-planned trajectory without losing track of their goals.

When a research mission is completed, the AUV will float to the surface and be returned to the research vessel it was launched from. Alternatively an AUV with a resident status can remain underwater and conduct periodic pre-programmed inspections for months at a time. In either case the AUV will periodically surface to communicate its location via a GPS signal or acoustic beacon, which is transmitted to the surface ship.

Certain AUVs can communicate with their operators constantly via a satellite connection on the research vessel. This lets scientists continue conducting experiments from the ship even when the AUV is away collecting data underwater. Other AUVs can communicate with their operators only at specific dates, like when they need to refuel or monitor the health of their sensor systems.

In addition to providing oceanographic information, AUVs can also be used to find underwater resources like natural gas and minerals, according to Free Think. They can also be used to respond to environmental catastrophes like tsunamis or oil spills. They can be used to monitor subsurface volcano activity and the conditions of marine life, like coral reefs or whale populations.

Curious Robots

Contrary to traditional undersea robotics, which have been preprogrammed to only search for one specific feature on the ocean floor, the curious underwater robots are designed so they can explore and adapt to changing circumstances. This is crucial because the environment beneath the waves can be unpredictable. For instance, if temperature of the water suddenly increases, it could change the behavior of marine animals or even lead to an oil spill. Robots with a keen eye are able to detect these changes quickly and effectively.

Researchers are working on a new robotic system that uses reinforcement learning to teach robots to be curious. The robot, which resembles a child in yellow clothing with a green thumb, can be taught to recognize patterns which could be a sign of an interesting discovery. It is also able to make decisions based on its previous actions. The results of this research could be used to develop an intelligent robot that can learn and adapting to the changing environment.

Researchers are also using robots to investigate areas that are dangerous for humans to dive into. For instance, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) has a wacky robot called WARP-AUV which is used to find and research shipwrecks. This robot is able to identify reef creatures and even discern fish and semi-transparent jellyfish from their dim backgrounds.

It takes years of training to teach an individual how to be able to do this. The brain of the WARP-AUV is trained by exposing it to thousands of images of marine life, making it able to identify familiar species on its first dive. In addition to its capabilities as a marine detective, the WARP-AUV can send topside supervisors live images of underwater scenery and sea creatures.

Other teams are working on creating robots that share the same curiosity as humans. For instance, a team that is led by the University Washington's Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering is looking for ways to train robots to be curious about their surroundings. This group is part of a three-year program by Honda Research Institute USA to develop machines that are curious.

Remote Missions

There are many uncertainties in space missions that could result in mission failure. Scientists don't know how long a mission can last, how well the spacecraft parts will function, or if any other forces or objects might interfere with spacecraft operation. The Remote Agent software is designed to eliminate these uncertainties. It will perform many of the complex tasks that ground personnel would perform if they were on DS1 at the time of the mission.

The Remote Agent software system consists of a planner/scheduler, as well as an executive. It also incorporates model-based reasoning algorithms. The planner/scheduler creates a set activities based on time and events called tokens which are then passed to the executive. The executive decides on how to make these tokens an orderly sequence of commands that will be directly sent to the spacecraft.

During the test, during the test, a DS1 crewmember is on hand to assist in resolving any problems that may occur outside of the scope of the test. All regional bureaus must adhere to Department records management guidelines and maintain all documents that is used to establish the remote mission.

REMUS SharkCam

Researchers have no idea of the activities of sharks below the surface. However, scientists using an autonomous underwater vehicle known as REMUS SharkCam are beginning to penetrate the blue veil, and the results are amazing and terrifying.

The SharkCam Team, a group of scientists from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution took the SharkCam the torpedo-shaped camera and to Guadalupe Island to track and film white great sharks in their habitat. The resultant 13 hours of video footage as well as images from acoustic tags attached to sharks, reveal much about the underwater behavior of these predators.

The REMUS SharkCam developed in Pocasset, MA by Hydroid and is designed to follow the exact location of an animal that has been tagged without disrupting its behavior or alarming it. It uses an ultra-short navigation system to determine the distance, bearing, and depth of the animal. Then it focuses on the shark at a predetermined distance and in a predetermined position (left or right, above, below,) and records its swimming and interactions with its environment. It communicates with scientists on the surface every 20 seconds and can respond to commands to alter its speed and depth or standoff distance.

When state shark robot vacmop scientist Greg Skomal, WHOI engineer Amy Kukulya, Pelagios-Kakunja shark self-emptying vacuum researcher Edgar Mauricio Hoyos-Padilla from Mexico's Marine Conservation Society and REMUS SharkCam software developer Roger Stokey first envisioned tracking and filming great white sharks using the self-propelled torpedo they called REMUS SharkCam They were concerned that it would disturb the sharks' movements and potentially make them flee the area they were studying. However, in a recent article published in the Journal of Fish Biology, Skomal and his colleagues report that despite nine bites and bumps from great whites that weighed thousands of pounds during the course of a week of research off the coast of Guadalupe, the SharkCam survived--and revealed some intriguing new behaviors about the great white shark robot vacuum not mopping.

The researchers were able to interpret the sharks interactions with REMUS SharkCam, a robot that was tracking and recording the activity of four tagged sharks, as predatory behavior. The researchers recorded 30 shark vacuum mop robot interactions, which included simple bumps and nine bites that were aggressive.